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In 1193, the astronomer Huang Shang prepared a planisphere along with explanatory text. Star chart of the south polar projection for Chinese astronomer Su Song's (1020вЂ“1101) celestial globe.Дuring the Song dynasty (960вЂ“1279), the Chinese astronomer Su Song wrote a book titled Xin Yixiang Fa Yao (New Design for the Armillary Clock) containing five maps of 1,464 stars. The date of this chart is uncertain, but is estimated as 705вЂ“10 AD. A total of 1,345 stars are drawn, grouped into 257 asterisms.

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This is a scroll 210В cm in length and 24.4В cm wide showing the sky between declinations 40В° south to 40В° north in twelve panels, plus a thirteenth panel showing the northern circumpolar sky. The oldest surviving manuscript star chart was the Dunhuang Star Chart, dated to the Tang dynasty (618вЂ“907) and discovered in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang in Gansu, Western China along the Silk Road. However, individual stars are not plotted. It is a planisphere depicting the zodiac in graphical representations. This is a bas relief sculpting on a ceiling at the Dendera Temple complex.

ДЄ Roman era example of a graphical representation of the night sky is the Ptolemaic Egyptian Dendera zodiac, dating from 50 BC. This evidence indicates that the star catalogue of the 2nd-century BC Greek astronomer Hipparchus was used. Based upon this information, the constellations were catalogued at 125 В± 55 BC.

By comparing the positions of the 41 constellations against the grid circles, an accurate determination can be made of the epoch when the original observations were performed. Because of precession, the positions of the constellations slowly change over time. It is the oldest surviving depiction of the ancient Greek constellations, and includes grid circles that provide coordinate positions. The Farnese Atlas is a 2nd-century AD Roman copy of a Hellenistic era Greek statue depicting the Titan Atlas holding the celestial sphere on his shoulder. The oldest Chinese graphical representation of the night sky is a lacquerware box from the 5th-century BC Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, although this depiction shows the positions of the Chinese constellations by name and does not show individual stars. The oldest records of Chinese astronomy date to the Warring States period (476вЂ“221 BC), but the earliest preserved Chinese star catalogues of astronomers Shi Shen and Gan De are found in the 2nd-century BC Shiji by the Western Han historian Sima Qian. The earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the Kassite Period ( ca. The oldest accurately dated star chart appeared in ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC.

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The Nebra sky disk, a 30В cm wide bronze disk dated to 1600 BC, bears gold symbols generally interpreted as a sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, several stars including the Pleiades cluster and possibly the Milky Way. ДЄ star chart drawn 5000 years ago by the Indias in Kashmir, which also depict a supernova for the first time in human history. The bovine in this panel may represent the constellation Taurus, with a pattern representing the Pleiades just above it. ДЄnother star chart panel, created more than 21,000 years ago, was found in the La TГЄte du Lion cave ( fr). Rappenglueck also discovered a drawing of the Northern Crown constellation in the cave of El Castillo (North of Spain), made in the same period as the Lascaux chart. He also suggested a panel in the same caves depicting a charging bison, a man with a bird's head and the head of a bird on top of a piece of wood, together may depict the Summer Triangle, which at the time was a circumpolar formation. This is dated from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago. German researcher Dr Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich, has suggested that drawing on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France could be a graphical representation of the Pleiades open cluster of stars.

This artifact is 32,500 years old and has a carving that resembles the constellation Orion, although it could not be confirmed and could also be a pregnancy chart. The oldest known star chart may be a carved ivory Mammoth tusk, drawn by early people from Asia who moved into Europe, that was discovered in Germany in 1979. Farnese Atlas at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples Prehistory ДЄ variety of archaeological sites and artifacts found are thought to indicate ancient made star charts.